Science Behind Teething: Why It Hurts and What You Can Do

Teething is one of those surprising baby milestones: normal, messy, and often loud. The pain isn’t just “the tooth coming through.” It’s a mix of pressure, inflammation, and increased nerve sensitivity as a tooth pushes up through soft gum tissue. Knowing what’s happening helps you decide when to comfort at home and when to call a doctor.

What exactly happens in the gums?

Under the gum, a baby tooth forms inside its socket. As it grows, it moves toward the surface. That movement creates pressure inside the gum and nearby bone. The body reacts with a mild inflammatory response — more blood flow and chemicals that make nerves more sensitive. That’s why a baby may drool, chew, or be cranky before you actually see a tooth.

Some babies show a small bluish bump called an eruption cyst. That’s usually harmless and goes away when the tooth breaks through. Mild fever under 38°C (100.4°F) can happen, but high fevers, persistent diarrhea, or severe symptoms are not typical teething signs and need a doctor’s check.

Safe, practical ways to help

Cold is your best simple tool. A chilled (not frozen) teething ring or a clean, cold damp washcloth calms the gum and reduces swelling. Offer the object for short periods — supervised only. Gentle gum massage with a clean finger can also ease pressure.

For short-term pain, many parents use infant acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Always follow dosing on the bottle and ask your pediatrician first, especially for babies under 3 months. Avoid home remedies that doctors warn against: do not use benzocaine gels for infants, skip teething tablets with unknown ingredients, and don’t use amber necklaces or objects that could choke or strangle.

Keep the area clean. When teeth appear, wipe them with a soft cloth or a baby toothbrush. Schedule the first dental visit by the baby’s first birthday so a dentist can check growth and give tailored advice.

When to call the doctor? If your baby has a high fever, persistent vomiting or diarrhea, refuses most feeds, or seems unusually lethargic, get medical advice. Also call if the gum looks infected (increasing redness, pus, or swelling that worsens quickly).

Teething ends for each tooth once it erupts, but the process for a full set of baby teeth stretches from about 4 months to around 2–3 years. Lower central incisors usually come first, and the back molars arrive last. Knowing the timeline, the typical symptoms, and safe relief steps makes teething less stressful for both of you.